Tree attributes¶
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Area of each node the given tree. |
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Given a node \(n\) whose parent is \(p\), the attribute value of \(n\) is the rank of \(n\) in the list of children of \(p\). |
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Length of the contour (perimeter) of each node of the given tree. |
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Strength of the contour of each node of the given tree. |
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The compactness of a node is defined as its area divided by the square of its perimeter length. |
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The depth of a node \(n\) of the tree \(T\) is equal to the number of ancestors of \(n\) in \(T\). |
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Given a node \(n\) of the tree \(T\), the dynamics of \(n\) is the difference between the altitude of the deepest minima of the subtree rooted in \(n\) and the altitude of the closest ancestor of \(n\) that has a deeper minima in its subtree. |
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The extinction value of a node \(n\) of the input tree \(T\) with increasing altitudes \(alt\) for the increasing attribute \(att\) is the equal to the threshold \(k\) such that the node \(n\) is still in an minima of \(t\) when all nodes having an attribute value smaller than \(k\) are removed. |
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Identify nodes in a hierarchy that represent extrema (minima or maxima). |
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Length of the frontier represented by each node the given partition tree. |
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Mean edge weight along the frontier represented by each node the given partition tree. |
Estimates a gaussian model (mean, (co-)variance) for leaf weights inside a node. |
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In a tree \(T\), given that the altitudes of the nodes vary monotically from the leaves to the root, the height of a node \(n\) of \(T\) is equal to the difference between the altitude of the parent of \(n\) and the altitude of the deepest non-leaf node in the subtree of \(T\) rooted in \(n\). |
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Lowest common ancestor of i and j for each edge \((i, j)\) of the leaf graph of the given tree. |
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Mean vertex weights of the leaf graph vertices inside each node of the given tree. |
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Moment of inertia (first Hu moment) of each node of the given tree. |
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Given a tree \(T\) with node weights \(w\): the children pair sum product for a node \(n\) sums for every pairs \((c_i, c_j)\) of children of \(n\), the product of the node weights of \(c_i\) and \(c_j\). |
Piecewise constant Mumford-Shah energy of each node of the input tree. |
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Regular altitudes is comprised between 0 and 1 and is inversely proportional to the depth of a node |
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Sibling index of each node of the given tree. |
Given a node \(n\) of |
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Given a tree \(T\), estimate the probability that a node \(n\) of the tree represents the smallest cluster containing a pair of vertices \(\{a, b\}\) of the graph \(G=(V, E)\) with edge weights \(w\). |
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Volume of each node the given tree. |
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attribute_area
(tree, vertex_area=None, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ Area of each node the given tree. The area of a node is equal to the sum of the area of the leaves of the subtree rooted in the node.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)vertex_area – area of the vertices of the leaf graph of the tree (provided by
attribute_vertex_area()
on leaf_graph )leaf_graph – (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_child_number
(tree)[source]¶ Given a node \(n\) whose parent is \(p\), the attribute value of \(n\) is the rank of \(n\) in the list of children of \(p\). In other \(attribute(n)=i\) means that \(n\) is the \(i\)-th child of \(p\).
The root of the tree, who has no parent, take the value -1.
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_contour_length
(tree, vertex_perimeter=None, edge_length=None, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ Length of the contour (perimeter) of each node of the given tree.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)vertex_perimeter – perimeter of each vertex of the leaf graph (provided by
attribute_vertex_perimeter()
on leaf_graph)edge_length – length of each edge of the leaf graph (provided by
attribute_edge_length()
on leaf_graph)leaf_graph – (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_contour_strength
(tree, edge_weights, vertex_perimeter=None, edge_length=None, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ Strength of the contour of each node of the given tree. The strength of the contour of a node is defined as the mean edge weights on the contour.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)edge_weights – edge_weights of the leaf graph
vertex_perimeter – perimeter of each vertex of the leaf graph (provided by
attribute_vertex_perimeter()
on leaf_graph)edge_length – length of each edge of the leaf graph (provided by
attribute_edge_length()
on leaf_graph)leaf_graph – (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_compactness
(tree, area=None, contour_length=None, normalize=True, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ The compactness of a node is defined as its area divided by the square of its perimeter length.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)area – node area of the input tree (provided by
attribute_area()
on tree)contour_length – node contour length of the input tree (provided by
attribute_perimeter_length()
on tree)normalize – if True the result is divided by the maximal compactness value in the tree
leaf_graph – (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_depth
(tree)[source]¶ The depth of a node \(n\) of the tree \(T\) is equal to the number of ancestors of \(n\) in \(T\).
The depth of the root node is equal to 0.
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
- Returns:
a nd array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_dynamics
(tree, altitudes, increasing_altitudes='auto')[source]¶ Given a node \(n\) of the tree \(T\), the dynamics of \(n\) is the difference between the altitude of the deepest minima of the subtree rooted in \(n\) and the altitude of the closest ancestor of \(n\) that has a deeper minima in its subtree. If no such ancestor exists then, the dynamics of \(n\) is equal to the difference between the altitude of the highest node of the tree (the root) and the depth of the deepest minima.
The dynamics is the extinction values (
attribute_extinction_value()
) for the attribute height (attribute_height()
).Possible values of
increasing_altitude
are:'auto'
: the function will automatically determine ifaltitudes
are increasing or decreasing (this has small computational cost but does not impact the runtime complexity).True
or'increasing'
: this means that altitudes are increasing from the leaves to the root (ie. for any node \(n\), \(altitudes(n) \leq altitudes(parent(n))\).False
or'decreasing'
: this means that altitudes are decreasing from the leaves to the root (ie. for any node \(n\), \(altitude(n) \geq altitude(parent(n))\).
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
altitudes – Tree node altitudes
increasing_altitudes – possible values ‘auto’, True, False, ‘increasing’, and ‘decreasing’
- Returns:
a 1d array like
altitudes
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_extinction_value
(tree, altitudes, attribute, increasing_altitudes='auto')[source]¶ The extinction value of a node \(n\) of the input tree \(T\) with increasing altitudes \(alt\) for the increasing attribute \(att\) is the equal to the threshold \(k\) such that the node \(n\) is still in an minima of \(t\) when all nodes having an attribute value smaller than \(k\) are removed.
Formally, let \(\{M_i\}\) be the set of minima of the hierarchy \(T\) with altitudes \(alt\). Let \(prec\) be a total ordering of \(\{M_i\}\) such that \(M_i \prec M_j \Rightarrow alt(M_i) \leq alt(M_j)\). Let \(r(M_i)\) be the smallest node of \(t\) containing \(M_i\) and another minima \(M_j\) such that \(M_j \prec M_i\). The extinction value of \(M_i\) is then defined as \(alt(r(M_i)) - alt(M_i)\).
Extinction values of minima are then extended to other nodes in the tree with the following rules:
the extinction value of a non-leaf node \(n\) which is not a minimum is defined as the largest extinction values among all the minima contained in \(n\) (and 0 if \(n\) does not contain any minima); and
the extinction value of a leaf node \(n\) belonging to a minima \(M_i\) is equal to the extinction value of \(M_i\). I \(n\) does not belong to any minima its extinction value is 0.
The function can also handle decreasing altitudes, in which case minima should be replaced by maxima in the description above. Possible values of
increasing_altitude
are:'auto'
: the function will automatically determine ifaltitudes
are increasing or decreasing (this has small computational cost but does not impact the runtime complexity).True
or'increasing'
: this means that altitudes are increasing from the leaves to the root (ie. for any node \(n\), \(altitudes(n) \leq altitudes(parent(n))\).False
or'decreasing'
: this means that altitudes are decreasing from the leaves to the root (ie. for any node \(n\), \(altitude(n) \geq altitude(parent(n))\).
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
altitudes – Tree node altitudes
attribute – Tree node attribute
increasing_altitudes – possible values ‘auto’, True, False, ‘increasing’, and ‘decreasing’
- Returns:
a 1d array like
attribute
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attribute_extrema
(tree, altitudes)[source]¶ Identify nodes in a hierarchy that represent extrema (minima or maxima).
An extremum (minimum or maximum) of the hierarchy \(T\) with altitudes \(alt\) is a node \(n\) of \(T\) such that the altitude of any non leaf node included in \(n\) is equal to the altitude of \(n\) and the altitude of the parent of \(n\) is different from the altitude of \(n\).
The result is a boolean array such that \(result(n)\) is
True
if the node \(n\) is an extremum andFalse
otherwise.- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
altitudes – Tree node altitudes
- Returns:
a 1d boolean array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_frontier_length
(tree, edge_length=None, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ Length of the frontier represented by each node the given partition tree.
In a partition tree, each node represent the merging of 2 or more regions. The frontier of a node is then defined as the common contour between the merged regions. This function compute the length of these common contours as the sum of the length of edges going from one of the merged region to the other one.
The result has the same dtype as the edge_length array.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree
edge_length – length of the edges of the leaf graph (provided by
attribute_edge_length()
on leaf_graph)leaf_graph – graph on the leaves of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_frontier_strength
(tree, edge_weights, leaf_graph)[source]¶ Mean edge weight along the frontier represented by each node the given partition tree.
In a partition tree, each node represent the merging of 2 or more regions. The frontier of a node is then defined as the common contour between the merged regions. This function compute the strength of a common contour as the sum of the weights of edges going from one of the merged region to the other one divided by the length of the contour.
The result has the same dtype as the edge_weights array.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree
edge_weights – weight of the edges of the leaf graph (if leaf_graph is a region adjacency graph, edge_weights might be weights on the edges of the pre-graph of the rag).
leaf_graph – graph on the leaves of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_gaussian_region_weights_model
(tree, vertex_weights, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ Estimates a gaussian model (mean, (co-)variance) for leaf weights inside a node.
The result is composed of two arrays:
the first one contains the mean value inside each node, scalar if vertex weights are scalar and vectorial otherwise,
the second one contains the variance of the values inside each node, scalar if vertex weights are scalar and a (biased) covariance matrix otherwise.
Vertex weights must be scalar or 1 dimensional.
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)vertex_weights – vertex weights of the leaf graph of the input tree
leaf_graph – leaf graph of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
two arrays mean and variance
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_height
(tree, altitudes, increasing_altitudes='auto')[source]¶ In a tree \(T\), given that the altitudes of the nodes vary monotically from the leaves to the root, the height of a node \(n\) of \(T\) is equal to the difference between the altitude of the parent of \(n\) and the altitude of the deepest non-leaf node in the subtree of \(T\) rooted in \(n\).
Possible values of
increasing_altitude
are:'auto'
: the function will automatically determine ifaltitudes
are increasing or decreasing (this has small computational cost but does not impact the runtime complexity).True
or'increasing'
: this means that altitudes are increasing from the leaves to the root (ie. for any node \(n\), \(altitudes(n) \leq altitudes(parent(n))\).False
or'decreasing'
: this means that altitudes are decreasing from the leaves to the root (ie. for any node \(n\), \(altitude(n) \geq altitude(parent(n))\).
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
altitudes – Tree node altitudes
increasing_altitudes – possible values ‘auto’, True, False, ‘increasing’, and ‘decreasing’
- Returns:
a 1d array like
altitudes
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_lca_map
(tree, leaf_graph)[source]¶ Lowest common ancestor of i and j for each edge \((i, j)\) of the leaf graph of the given tree.
Complexity: \(\mathcal{O}(n\log(n)) + \mathcal{O}(m)\) where \(n\) is the number of nodes in tree and \(m\) is the number of edges in
leaf_graph
.- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)leaf_graph – graph on the leaves of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
on tree)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_mean_vertex_weights
(tree, vertex_weights, area=None, leaf_graph=None)[source]¶ Mean vertex weights of the leaf graph vertices inside each node of the given tree.
For any node \(n\), the mean vertex weights \(a(n)\) of \(n\) is
\[a(n) = \frac{\sum_{x\in n} vertex\_weights(x)}{area(n)}\]- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)vertex_weights – vertex weights of the leaf graph of the input tree
area – area of the tree nodes (provided by
attribute_area()
)leaf_graph – leaf graph of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a nd array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
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attribute_moment_of_inertia
(tree, leaf_graph)[source]¶ Moment of inertia (first Hu moment) of each node of the given tree. This function works only if
leaf_graph
is a 2D grid graph. The moment of inertia is a translation, scale and rotation invariant characterization of the shape of the nodes.Given a node \(X\) of
tree
, the raw moments \(M_{ij}\) are defined as:\[M_{ij} = \sum_{x}\sum_{y} x^i y^j\]where \((x,y)\) are the coordinates of every vertex in \(X\). Then, the centroid \(\{\overline{x},\overline{y}\}\) of \(X\) is given by
\[\overline{x} = \frac{M_{10}}{M_{00}} \textrm{ and } \overline{y} = \frac{M_{01}}{M_{00}}\]Some central moments of \(X\) are then:
\(\mu_{00} = M_{00}\)
\(\mu_{20} = M_{20} - \overline{x} \times M_{10}\)
\(\mu_{02} = M_{02} - \overline{y} \times M_{01}\)
The moment of inertia \(I_1\) of \(X\) if finally defined as
\[I_1 = \eta_{20} + \eta_{02}\]where \(\eta_{ij}\) are given by:
\(\eta_{ij} = \frac{\mu_{ij}}{\mu_{00}^{1+\frac{i+j}{2}}}\)
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)leaf_graph – graph on the leaves of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
on tree)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_children_pair_sum_product
(tree, node_weights)[source]¶ Given a tree \(T\) with node weights \(w\): the children pair sum product for a node \(n\) sums for every pairs \((c_i, c_j)\) of children of \(n\), the product of the node weights of \(c_i\) and \(c_j\). Formally:
\[res(n) = \sum_{i=0}^{i<numc(n)} \sum_{j=0}^{j<i} w(child(i, n)) * w(child(j, n))\]where \(numc(n)\) is the number of children of \(n\) and \(child(i, n)\) is the \(i\)-th child of the node \(n\).
The result is thus an array with the same shape as
node_weights
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
node_weights – node weights of the input tree
- Returns:
an array with the same shape as
node_weights
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attribute_piecewise_constant_Mumford_Shah_energy
(tree, vertex_weights, gamma, leaf_graph)[source]¶ Piecewise constant Mumford-Shah energy of each node of the input tree. The energy of a node is equal to its data fidelity energy plus gamma times its regularization energy.
For the piecewise constant Mumford-Shah model:
the data fidelity energy assumes a piecewise constant model in each node and is given by the variance of the vertex values inside the node (see function
attribute_gaussian_region_weights_model()
) multiplied by its area,the regularity energy is given by the length of the contour of the node (see function
attribute_contour_length()
).
- Parameters:
tree – input tree (Concept
CptHierarchy
)vertex_weights – vertex weights of the leaf graph of the input tree
gamma – weighting of the regularization term (should be a positive value)
leaf_graph – leaf graph of the input tree (deduced from
CptHierarchy
)
- Returns:
a 1d array measuring the energy of each node the input tree
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attribute_regular_altitudes
(tree, depth=None)[source]¶ Regular altitudes is comprised between 0 and 1 and is inversely proportional to the depth of a node
- Parameters:
tree – input tree
depth – depth of the tree node (provided by
attribute_depth()
)
- Returns:
a nd array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_sibling
(tree, skip=1)[source]¶ Sibling index of each node of the given tree.
For each node \(n\) which is the \(k\)-th child of its parent node \(p\) among \(N\) children, the attribute sibling of \(n\) is the index of the \((k + skip) % N\)-th child of \(p\).
The sibling of the root node is itself.
The sibling attribute enables to easily emulates a (doubly) linked list among brothers.
In a binary tree, the sibling attribute of a node is effectively its only brother (with skip equals to 1).
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
skip – Number of skipped element in the children list (including yourself)
- Returns:
a nd array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_topological_height
(tree)[source]¶ Given a node \(n\) of
tree
, the topological height of \(n\) is the number of edges on the longest path from the node \(n\) to a leaf oftree
.The topological height of the leaves is equal to 0.
- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.
-
attribute_tree_sampling_probability
(tree, leaf_graph, leaf_graph_edge_weights, model='edge')[source]¶ Given a tree \(T\), estimate the probability that a node \(n\) of the tree represents the smallest cluster containing a pair of vertices \(\{a, b\}\) of the graph \(G=(V, E)\) with edge weights \(w\).
This method is defined in [1].
We define the probability \(P(\{a,b\})\) of a pair of vertices \(\{a,b\}\) as \(w(\{a,b\}) / Z\) with \(Z=\sum_{e\in E}w(E)\) if \(\{a,b\}\) is an edge of \(G\) and 0 otherwise. Then the probability \(P(a)\) of a vertex \(b\) is defined as \(\sum_{b\in V}P(\{a, b\})\)
Two sampling strategies are proposed for sampling pairs of vertices to compute the probability of a node of the tree:
edge: the probability of sampling the pair \(\{a, b\}\) is given by \(P(\{a, b\})\); and
null: the probability of sampling the pair \(\{a, b\}\) is given by the product of the probabilities of \(a\) and \(b\): \(P(a)*P(b)\).
Assuming that the edge weights on the leaf graph of a hierarchy represents similarities:
We expect these distributions to differ significantly if the tree indeed represents the hierarchical structure of the graph. Specifically, we expect [the edge distribution] to be mostly concentrated on deep nodes of the tree (far from the root), as two nodes \(u\), \(v\) connected with high weight \(w(\{u, v\})\) in the graph typically belong to a small cluster, representative of the clustering structure of the graph; on the contrary, we expect [the null distribution] to be concentrated over shallow nodes (close to the root) as two nodes \(w(\{u, v\})\) sampled independently at random typically belong to large clusters, less representative of the clustering structure of the graph. [1]
- Complexity:
The tree sampling divergence runtime complexity depends of the sampling model:
edge: \(\mathcal{O}(N\log(N) + M)\) with \(N\) the number of nodes in the tree and \(M\) the number of edges in the leaf graph.
null: \(\mathcal{O}(N\times C^2)\) with \(N\) the number of nodes in the tree and \(C\) the maximal number of children of a node in the tree.
- See:
The
tree_sampling_divergence()
is a non supervised hierarchical cost function defined as the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the edge sampling model and the independent (null) sampling model.- Parameters:
tree – Input tree
leaf_graph – Graph defined on the leaves of the input tree
leaf_graph_edge_weights – Edge weights of the leaf graphs (similarities)
model – defines the edge sampling strategy, either “edge” or “null”
- Returns:
a 1d array
-
attribute_volume
(tree, altitudes, area=None)[source]¶ Volume of each node the given tree. The volume \(V(n)\) of a node \(n\) is defined recursively as:
\[V(n) = area(n) * | altitude(n) - altitude(parent(n)) | + \sum_{c \in children(n)} V(c)\]- Parameters:
tree – input tree
altitudes – node altitudes of the input tree
area – area of the nodes of the input hierarchy (provided by
attribute_area()
on tree)
- Returns:
a 1d array
Auto-cache: This function is decorated with the
auto_cache()
decorator.